Reconstructing Earth history during the Hadean defies the traditional rock-based approach
in geology. Given the extremely limited locality of Hadean zircons, some indirect approach …

The current state and surface conditions of the Earth and its twin planet Venus are drastically
different. Whether these differences are directly inherited from the earliest stages of …

Seismic images of Earth's interior have revealed two continent-sized anomalies with low
seismic velocities, known as the large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs), in the lowermost …

The detection of deep reflected S waves on Mars inferred a core size of 1,830±40 km (ref.),
requiring light-element contents that are incompatible with experimental petrological …

We review the origin and evolution of the atmospheres of Earth, Venus and Mars from the
time when their accreting bodies were released from the protoplanetary disk a few million …

The earliest atmospheres of rocky planets originate from extensive volatile release during
magma ocean epochs that occur during assembly of the planet. These establish the initial …

Abstract Knowledge of the interior structure and atmosphere of Mars is essential to
understanding how the planet has formed and evolved. A major obstacle to investigations of …

The spin state of Fe can alter the key physical properties of silicate melts, affecting the early
differentiation and the dynamic stability of the melts in the deep rocky planets. The low-spin …

Context. A terrestrial planet is molten during formation and may remain molten due to
intense insolation or tidal forces. Observations favour the detection and characterisation of …

Seismological observations reveal patches of low-velocity anomalies at the core–mantle
boundary known as ultralow-velocity zones. Despite recent advances, their origin and …