A strong tradition in democratic theory claims that only constitutions made with direct popular
involvement can establish or deepen democracy. Against this view, we argue that new …

Two hundred years ago, Benjamin Constant presented his fa-mous lecture in Paris on The
Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of Moderns. 1 Writing in the aftermath of the …

In 2014, Tunisia's National Constituent Assembly (NCA) almost unanimously approved the
country's first democratic constitution despite significant identity-based divisions. Drawing on …

This study explores deliberation as a lived experience between individuals engaged in
putatively deliberative practices. While face-to-face deliberation is well documented, there …

A challenge for constitutional processes is to facilitate popular participation, including
among marginalised groups. Uneven inclusion is highly likely 'upstream', in the early stages …

In the face of current democratic backsliding and autocratization processes, research has
rediscovered issues of autocratic legitimation. However, the question of whether rulers' …

Does the process of making a constitution affect the expansiveness of rights protections in
the constitution? In particular, is more participation in constitution-making processes better …

According to what one might label the traditional view of proof in mathematics, proofs have
the following characteristics. They are knowable a priori, the knowledge they provide is …

This paper explores how citizens help shape the urban environment, partly through their
talk, as they participate in a dispute about what elements of that environment should be like …

Does public participation in constitution-making processes enhance constitutional
legitimacy? Using an original public opinion survey conducted in Tunisia shortly after the …