Every woman who lives past midlife will experience menopause, which, by definition, is
complete cessation of ovarian function. This process might occur spontaneously (natural …

Estrogen is a steroid hormone that has critical roles in reproductive development, bone
homeostasis, cardiovascular remodeling and brain functions. However, estrogen also …

Background The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2)
disease 2019 (COVID‐19) seems to have a worse clinical course among infected men …

Testosterone is an essential hormone for women, with physiological actions mediated
directly or via aromatisation to oestradiol throughout the body. Despite the crucial role of …

Several recent papers have now provided compelling experimental evidence that the
progression of tumours towards a malignant phenotype does not depend exclusively on the …

In premenopausal women, the ovaries are the principle source of estradiol, which functions
as a circulating hormone to act on distal target tissues. However, in postmenopausal women …

Estrogen prevents osteoporotic bone loss by attenuating bone resorption; however, the
molecular basis for this is unknown. Here, we report a critical role for the osteoclastic …

Estrogen receptor (ER) expression is the main indicator of potential responses to endocrine
therapy (ET), and approximately 70% of human breast cancers (BCs) are hormone …

Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the leading causes of death in the United States,
and hormone-dependent cancers (breast and prostate cancer) are the most common …

Deaths from breast cancer have fallen markedly over the past decade due, in part, to the use
of endocrine agents that reduce the levels of circulating oestrogens or compete with …