Forests cover nearly a third of the Earth's land area and exchange mass, momentum, and
energy with the atmosphere. Most studies of these exchanges, particularly using numerical …

Particularly challenging classes of heterogeneous surfaces are ones where strong
secondary circulations are generated, potentially dominating the flow dynamics. In this …

Solar energy is a rapidly growing sector, and agrivoltaic farms are playing an increasingly
important role in meeting the world's energy needs. However, as the size and complexity of …

Land‐atmosphere interactions are central to the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer
and the subsequent formation of clouds and precipitation. Existing global climate models …

The structure and intensity of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) drive
fluxes of sediment, contaminants, heat, moisture, and CO 2 at the Earth's surface. Where …

Irrigation in semi-arid regions induces thermal heterogeneity across a range of spatial
scales that impacts the partitioning of energy at the surface, the development of the …

The precise determination of evapotranspiration rate is challenging because it is a quantity
that is difficult to measure and to parametrize. Direct estimates include the determination of …

The present paper gives an overview of the recent modelling activities under NATO-STO
AVT-349, focussed on the understanding and modelling of boundary layers for …

The Reynolds number dependent flow resistance of heterogeneous rough surfaces is
largely unknown at present. The present work provides novel reference data for spanwise …

The Arctic is undergoing rapid changes due to global warming, including the expansion of
the marginal ice zone (MIZ), a zone of mixed ice and open water surfaces. To predict the …