Humans walk bipedally, and thus, it is unclear why they swing their arms. In this paper, we
will review the mechanisms and functions of arm swinging in human gait. First, we discuss …

Optimal feedback control (OFC) provides a powerful tool to interpret voluntary motor control,
highlighting the importance of sensory feedback in the control and planning of movement …

Background Balance impairment is one of the strongest risk factors for falls. Proprioception,
cutaneous sensitivity, and muscle strength are 3 important contributors to balance control in …

Neuronal networks within the spinal cord directly control rhythmic movements of the
arms/forelimbs and legs/hindlimbs during locomotion in mammals. For an effective …

Muscle activity occurring during human locomotion can be accounted for by five basic
temporal activation patterns in a variety of locomotion conditions. Here, we examined how …

The bilateral coordination of locomotion has been described in detail in animal studies and
to some degree in man; however, the mechanisms that contribute to the bilateral …

The mammalian lumbar spinal cord has the capability to generate locomotor activity in the
absence of input from the brain. Previously, we reported that transcutaneous electrical …

Mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM) as a cell culture scaffold has long attracted
scientists from the perspective of supramolecular chemistry for potential application in …

This review revolves primarily around segmental feedback systems established by muscle
spindle and Golgi tendon organ afferents, as well as spinal recurrent inhibition via Renshaw …

Humans' ability to synchronize movement with auditory rhythms relies on motor networks,
such as cortical areas, basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which also participate in rhythm …