Abstract Background The glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
hypotheses of schizophrenia were proposed in the 1980s. However, current findings on …

Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder characterized by specific positive and negative primary
symptoms, social behavior disturbances and cognitive deficits (eg, impairment in working …

The intricate balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the brain plays a crucial role
in normative information processing. Dysfunctions in the E/I balance have been implicated in …

Background: The microbiota-gut-brain axis and membrane dysfunction in the brain has
attracted increasing attention in the field of psychiatric research. However, the possible …

Alterations in glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, are implicated
in several psychiatric diseases. Many of these psychiatric diseases display epidemiological …

Background In terms of antipsychotic treatment response, patients with schizophrenia can
be classified into three groups: 1) treatment resistant to both non-clozapine (non-CLZ) …

Schizophrenia is a major mental illness characterized by positive and negative symptoms,
and by cognitive deficit. Although cognitive impairment is disabling for patients, it has been …

Previous studies have shown glutamatergic dysfunction and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-
ergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Animal studies suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate …

Abstract Models of healthy brain function and psychiatric conditions assume that excitatory
and inhibitory activity are balanced in the human brain at multiple spatial and temporal …

Abstract N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) is a readily measured marker of neuronal metabolism.
Previous analyses in schizophrenia have shown NAA levels are low in frontal, temporal and …