Carbapenems are considered as last-resort antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused
by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. With the increasing use of carbapenems in …

Therapy of invasive infections due to multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDR-E) is
challenging, and some of the few active drugs are not available in many countries. For …

The spread of carbapenemase producers in Enterobacteriaceae has now been identified
worldwide. Three main carbapenemases have been reported; they belong to three classes …

CTX-M β-lactamases are considered a paradigm in the evolution of a resistance
mechanism. Incorporation of different chromosomal bla CTX-M related genes from different …

The spread of Enterobacteriaceae, primarily Klebsiella pneumoniae, producing KPC, VIM,
IMP, and NDM carbapenemases, is causing an unprecedented public health crisis …

Bacteria carry extrachromosomal, self-replicating genetic elements called plasmids. A
plasmid is defined as a doublestranded, circular DNA molecule capable of autonomous …

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) have been increasingly reported in Europe
since their first description in 1983. During the 1990s, they were described mainly as …

The celestial rise in antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative bacteria has challenged
both the scientific and pharmaceutical sectors. The hallmark of this general increase is the …

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) were almost nonexistent up to the
1990s, but are today encountered routinely in hospitals and other healthcare facilities in …

Optimal use of microbiology laboratories is essential to combat the spread of multiply
antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This is vital for patient care, as advocated by Jarvis in …