Increasing generation of electronic waste (e-waste) is a major concern for emerging rare
earth elements (REEs) pollution if not appropriately disposed of. Nevertheless, e-waste …

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace
inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical …

The past 10–20 years have seen numerous academic papers describing the benefits of
ionic liquids (ILs) and deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) for leaching, solvent extraction and …

Recycling of cobalt from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is gaining interest because
they are increasingly used in commercial applications such as electrical vehicles. A common …

Population growth has led to an increased demand for raw minerals and energy resources;
however, their supply cannot easily be provided in the same proportions. Modern …

Hydrometallurgy is an efficient way of recovering metal ions from mineral ores where the
most important steps are the leaching of the minerals, the recovery and purification of metal …

This review addresses research and development on the use of ionic liquids as extractants
and diluents in the solvent extraction of metals. Primary attention is given to the efficiency …

Separating copper and cobalt ions is crucial due to the industry's strategic reliance on both
these elements. When the extraction process is able to significantly increase the separation …

Abstract Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) together are known as the iron triad exhibiting
similar chemical and physical affinities in the periodic table. We have developed a green …

Rare earth metals (REMs), especially neodymium, samarium and europium are termed as
critical metals since their supply is experiencing shortfall due to sudden rise in demand …