Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) development is closely related to physics. In this paper, we
review the physical principles of BCIs, and underlying novel approaches for registration …

Advances in brain science and computer technology in the past decade have led to exciting
developments in brain–computer interface (BCI), thereby making BCI a top research area in …

Functional electrical stimulation is a technique to produce functional movements after
paralysis. Electrical discharges are applied to a person's muscles making them contract in a …

Background People with chronic tetraplegia, due to high-cervical spinal cord injury, can
regain limb movements through coordinated electrical stimulation of peripheral muscles and …

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from
neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time …

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) use brain activity to control external devices, thereby
enabling severely disabled patients to interact with the environment. A variety of invasive …

Strokes are a growing cause of mortality and many stroke survivors suffer from motor
impairment as well as other types of disabilities in their daily life activities. To treat these …

Millions of people worldwide suffer from diseases that lead to paralysis through disruption of
signal pathways between the brain and the muscles. Neuroprosthetic devices are designed …

The development of brain–computer interface-controlled exoskeletons promises new
treatment strategies for neurorehabilitation after stroke or spinal cord injury. By converting …

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a hardware and software communications system that
permits cerebral activity alone to control computers or external devices. The immediate goal …