In the present study, the turbulent flows inside a realistic model of the upper respiratory tract
were investigated numerically and experimentally. The airway model included the …

Laboratory animals have historically performed a vital function in evaluating health effects of
human exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM). Due to the complexity of particle-laden …

Inhalation exposure to airborne contaminants has adverse effects on humans; however,
related research is typically conducted using in vivo/in vitro tests on animals. Extrapolating …

The present numerical study investigated the transportation time of the inhaled chemicals in
three realistic human airway models by adopting a methodology from the field of the building …

Background One of the most promising approaches to understand inhalation toxicology and
to assess the potential risks of inhaled particles is to examine the disposition of the …

In this study, a realistic respiratory airway model extending from oral to the end of the
trachea including all the key details of the passage was produced. A series of CT scan …

The respiratory system is an air-conditioning system for humans and mammals, in which the
ambient air is inhaled, filtered, and conditioned to achieve an appropriate status before …