Abstract Turnbull, Andrew V., and Catherine L. Rivier. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action. Physiol. Rev. 79: 1 …

The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as an immune mediator has long been appreciated
but its function in the brain is still unclear. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) is expressed in most cell …

Inflammation is implicated in the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases, such as
Parkinson's disease, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. A single systemic …

I. Introduction THE existence of mechanisms that provide immunity to an infective agent was
inferred from empirical observations obtained through the ingenuity and deductive capacity …

Compelling data has been amassed indicating that soluble factors, or cytokines, emanating
from the immune system can have profound effects on the neuroendocrine system, in …

The cytokines are important components of the brain-immune axis. Recent work has shown
thet [125 I] IL-1α and [125 I] IL-1β are transported from the blood into the brain by a saturable …

Traditionally, both stress and depression have been associated with impaired immune
function and increased susceptibility to infectious and neoplastic disease. However over the …

1. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) 574 1.1. Control of glucocorticoid levels
during stress 577 1.2. The diurnal rhythm of HPA activity 579 2. Roles of corticotropin …

It is becoming well accepted that products of the immune system (cytokines) can signal the
brain that infection has occurred. This cytokine-to-brain communication can result in marked …

Endotoxin is considered to be a systemic (immunological) stressor eliciting a prolonged
activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA-axis response after an …