Abstract Framed within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) of the European
Commission, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is …

Snow in the environment acts as a host to rich chemistry and provides a matrix for physical
exchange of contaminants within the ecosystem. The goal of this review is to summarise the …

The snow cover is a key component of land surface hydrology, especially in mountain areas
where it governs the amount and timing of water availability in downstream areas. It is …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

Detailed studies of snow cover processes require models that offer a fine description of the
snow cover properties. The detailed snowpack model Crocus is such a scheme, and has …

Mountain snowpacks act as natural water towers, storing winter precipitation until summer
months when downstream water demand is greatest. We introduce a Snow Storage Index …

There are many models that attempt to predict physical processes in snow on the ground for
a range of applications, and evaluations of these models show that they have a wide range …

Thirty‐three snowpack models of varying complexity and purpose were evaluated across a
wide range of hydrometeorological and forest canopy conditions at five Northern …

Twenty-seven models participated in the Earth System Model–Snow Model Intercomparison
Project (ESM-SnowMIP), the most data-rich MIP dedicated to snow modeling. Our findings …

This paper describes ESM-SnowMIP, an international coordinated modelling effort to
evaluate current snow schemes, including snow schemes that are included in Earth system …