Amphibian skin is a mucosal surface in direct and continuous contact with a microbially
diverse and laden aquatic and/or terrestrial environment. As such, frog skin is an important …

Members of the family Iridoviridae, collectively referred to as iridovirids, are large, double-
stranded DNA-containing viruses that infect invertebrates and cold-blooded (ectothermic) …

Amphibians are at the forefront of bridging the evolutionary gap between mammals and
more ancient, jawed vertebrates. Currently, several diseases have targeted amphibians and …

Interferons orchestrate host antiviral responses in jawed vertebrates. They are categorized
into three classes; IFN1 and IFN3 are the primary antiviral cytokine lineages, while IFN2 …

Numerous factors are contributing to the loss of biodiversity. These include complex effects
of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that may drive population losses. These losses are …

Cross-species comparison of vertebrate genomes has unraveled previously unknown
complexities of interferon (IFN) systems in amphibian species. Recent genomic curation …

Although research has focused on density‐dependent responses of hosts to single‐parasite
infections, hosts are exposed to numerous parasites simultaneously under natural …

Macrophage (M ϕ)-lineage cells are integral to the immune defences of all vertebrates,
including amphibians. Across vertebrates, M ϕ differentiation and functionality depend on …

The Chinese giant salamander, belonging to an ancient amphibian lineage, is the largest
amphibian existing in the world, and is also an important animal for artificial cultivation in …

In vertebrates, intron-containing and intronless type I IFN genes have recently been reported
in amphibian model species Xenopus tropicalis and X. laevis. However, whether intronless …