Abstract Earth System Science (ESS) is a rapidly emerging transdisciplinary endeavour
aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of the Earth as a complex, adaptive …

Methane (CH4) is produced in many natural systems that are vulnerable to change under a
warming climate, yet current CH4 budgets, as well as future shifts in CH4 emissions, have …

This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are
transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for …

We explore the risk that self-reinforcing feedbacks could push the Earth System toward a
planetary threshold that, if crossed, could prevent stabilization of the climate at intermediate …

Over the coming century humanity may need to find reservoirs to store several trillions of
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fossil fuel combustion, which would otherwise …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

This article reviews key data and debates focused on relative sea-level changes since the
Last Interglacial (approximately the last 132,000 years) in the Mediterranean Basin, and …

Past interglacial climates with smaller ice sheets offer analogs for ice sheet response to
future warming and contributions to sea level rise; however, well-dated geologic records …

Stratigraphy provides insights into the evolution and dynamics of the Earth System over its
long history. With recent developments in Earth System science, changes in Earth System …

The dominant external forces influencing the rate of change of the Earth System have been
astronomical and geophysical during the planet's 4.5-billion-year existence. In the last six …