Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a common immune complication that can occur
after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). Acute GVHD is a major …

Humans harbor nearly 100 trillion intestinal bacteria, which in terms of numbers, represents
around ten times more microbial cells than eukaryotic cells. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract …

Bacterial infections are very common and represent one of the most important reasons of
progression of liver failure, development of liver-related complications, and mortality in …

Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan
recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and …

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, which is used to treat both malignant and
nonmalignant conditions, was first conceived more than 50 years ago, but problems …

The gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) consists of isolated or aggregated lymphoid
follicles forming Peyer′ s patches (PPs). By their ability to transport luminal antigens and …

The autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by seemingly unprovoked episodes of
inflammation, without high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cells. The concept was …

The innate immune system comprises several classes of pattern recognition receptors,
including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-1-like receptors …

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are complex, multifactorial disorders that comprise
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Genome-wide association studies have …

Gut flora and bacterial translocation (BT) play an important role in the pathogenesis of the
complications of cirrhosis. Research on the pathogenesis of BT and its clinical significance …