Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light‐
weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage …

The influx and efflux of water in biological structures actuates reversible deformation and
recovery processes that are crucial for mechanical functions in plants and animals. These …

Horns are used by Bovidae animals for intraspecific combat; as such they are among
Nature's toughest materials that require resistance to extreme loads. As a typical subfamily …

Nature utilizes the available resources to construct lightweight, strong and tough materials
under constrained environmental conditions. The impact surface of the fast-striking dactyl …

Horns from the Bovidae family represent extremely tough natural composites that resist
flexural and impact damage during combat. However, the microstructure characteristics of …

The horse hoof wall exhibits exceptional impact resistance and fracture control due to its
unique hierarchical structure which contains tubular, lamellar, and gradient configurations …

Keratins are considered ideal candidates as hemostatic agents, but the development lags
far behind their potentials due to the poorly understood hemostatic mechanism and structure …

A variety of artificial skin scaffolds, including 3D-bioprinted constructs, have been widely
studied for regenerating injured skin tissue. Here, we devised a new composite biomaterial …

Energy-absorbing materials are widely used in transportations, sports, and the military
applications. Particularly, porous materials, including natural and artificial materials, have …

Keratin is a highly multifunctional biopolymer serving various roles in nature due to its
diverse material properties, wide spectrum of structural designs, and impressive …