In 2021, global alumina production reached over 135 million tons and discharged
approximately 200 million tons of red mud, leading to severe environmental safety hazards …

Red mud is an industrial waste generated during alumina production containing residual
minerals of bauxite ore. Significant metallic values with appreciable concentration make it a …

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical materials in electronics and clean technologies. With
the diminishing of easily accessible minerals for mining, the REE recovery from waste is an …

Currently, there is an increasing industrial demand for rare earth elements (REE) as these
elements are now integral to the manufacture of many carbon-neutral technologies. The …

With the growing awareness to protect the urban environment and the increasing demand
for strategic materials, recycling of postconsumer lithium-ion batteries has become …

The study of the kinetics of REEs from secondary resources and the understanding of the
mechanisms governing the leaching reactions are fundamental aspects for the design and …

The growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) confronted with a parallel supply risk,
draws major interest to utilize secondary resources bearing higher REE content than the …

As phosphogypsum constitutes a large amount of solid waste material, its purification
treatment and comprehensive utilization have close connection with economic development …

Bauxite residue, known as red mud, is a by-product of alumina production using the Bayer
process. Currently, its total global storage amounts to over 4.6 billion tons, including about …

As a potential reusable resource, solid waste is gradually being used for extracting valuable
metals. In recent years, new technologies such as electrochemistry, supercritical fluids, ionic …