Highlights•The biofilm formation process and its microenvironmental characteristics are
described.•Biofilm microenvironment-responsive nanoparticles for anti-infection are …

Bacterial biofilm‐related infectious diseases severely influence human health. Under typical
situations, pathogens can colonize inert or biological surfaces and form biofilms. Biofilms are …

The treatment of diabetic wounds faces enormous challenges due to complex wound
environments, such as infected biofilms, excessive inflammation, and impaired …

Traditional antibiotic treatment has limited efficacy for the drug-tolerant bacteria present in
biofilms because of their unique metabolic conditions in the biofilm infection …

It is an exigent need for the development of hydrogel dressings with desirable injectability,
good adhesive, antibacterial, and wound healing promotion properties. Herein, the …

Although photothermal therapy (PTT) with the assistance of nanotechnology has been
considered as an indispensable strategy in the biomedical field, it still encounters some …

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and allied photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy
have shown remarkable activity against bacterial pathogens in both planktonic and biofilm …

The discovery of antibiotics has saved millions of lives, but the emergence of antibiotic‐
resistant bacteria has become another problem in modern medicine. To avoid or reduce the …

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern
therapeutics, notably due to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers (PSs) and the …

The advent of drug-resistant pathogens results in the occurrence of stubborn bacterial
infections that cannot be treated with traditional antibiotics. Antibacterial immunotherapy by …