Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) slag, a product of hot metal element (eg, Si, Mn, Fe, P)
oxidation and flux (eg lime, dolomite) dissolution, plays a critical role in the production of …

This paper focusses on three main numerical methods, ie, the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-
Stokes (RANS), Large Eddy Simulation (LES), and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) …

In basic oxygen steelmaking, the major portion of the refining is realized through reactions
between metal droplets and slag. The residence time of metal droplets in the slag crucially …

Slag–metal emulsion plays an important role in the oxidation kinetics of metalloids in oxygen
steelmaking. The importance of droplet generation rate, droplet size, and its residence time …

This paper presents a comprehensive model of an industrial electric arc furnace (EAF) that is
based upon several rigorous first-principles submodels of the heat exchange in the EAF and …

The hydrodynamic interaction between the top blowing supersonic jet and the bottom plume
significantly affects the kinetic behavior of the molten bath in the steelmaking converter …

The study of splashing is important in understanding oxygen steelmaking. Splashing creates
large interfacial area between reacting surfaces and thereby directly affects the kinetics of …

During oxygen steelmaking process, a systematical description of the interaction behaviour
between top blown jet and molten steel is extremely important. In the present study, a cold …

Basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs) are widely used to produce steel from hot metal. The process
typically has limited automation which leads to sub-optimal operation. Economically optimal …

In this work a two phase 3D mathematical model was developed using the volume of fluid
(VOF) algorithm, which is able to accurately describe the cavity geometry and size as well as …