Small airway disease (SAD) is a pathological condition that affects the bronchioles and non-
cartilaginous airways 2 mm or less in diameter. These airways play a crucial role in …

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP) one of the most common interstitial lung diseases (ILDs)
is characterized by exposure to an inhaled inciting antigen that leads to a host immunologic …

Introduction COVID-19 may lead to persistent and potentially incapacitating clinical
manifestations (post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)). Using easy-to-apply …

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are diverse parenchymal pulmonary disorders, primarily
characterised by alveolar and interstitial inflammation and/or fibrosis, and sharing …

Background Patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (FILD) often experience gas
exchange abnormalities and ventilatory limitations, resulting in reduced exercise capacity …

Background Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immunologically induced inflammation
of the lung parenchyma that occurs in susceptible individuals in response to a variety of …

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a diverse group of disorders characterized by
inflammation and/or fibrosis of the lung parenchyma. 1 The various forms of ILD can be …

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a complex interstitial lung disease caused by chronic
inhalation of a wide variety of antigens in susceptible and sensitized individuals, commonly …

The functional disturbances driving “out-of-proportion” dyspnoea in patients with fibrosing
interstitial lung disease (f-ILD) showing only mild restrictive abnormalities remain poorly …

Assessment of the ventilatory response to exercise is important in evaluating mechanisms of
dyspnea and exercise intolerance in chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. The characteristic …