The lung is an organ that is directly exposed to the external environment. Given the large
surface area and extensive ventilation of the lung, it is prone to exposure to airborne …

In vitro air–liquid interface (ALI) cell culture models can potentially be used to assess
inhalation toxicology endpoints and are usually considered, in terms of relevancy, between …

Air− liquid interface (ALI) culture models currently represent a valid instrument to recreate
the typical aspects of the respiratory tract in vitro in both healthy and diseased state. They …

Oral inhalation results in pulmonary drug targeting and thereby reduces systemic side
effects, making it the preferred means of drug delivery for the treatment of respiratory …

Rationale: Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use has been widely adopted under the perception of
safety. However, possibly adverse effects of e-cig vapor in never-smokers are not well …

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation approaches are
beginning to be integrated into drug development and approval processes because they …

Humans are exposed to a wide variety of nanoparticles (NPs) present in the environment, in
consumer, health and medical products, and in food. Conventional cytotoxicity testing …

Background Accurate knowledge of cell−/tissue-delivered dose plays a pivotal role in
inhalation toxicology studies, since it is the key parameter for hazard assessment and …

Models of the outer epithelia of the human body-namely the skin, the intestine and the lung-
have found valid applications in both research and industrial settings as attractive …

Expansion in production and commercial use of nanomaterials increases the potential
human exposure during the lifecycle of these materials (production, use, and disposal) …