Background: Pollution–unwanted waste released to air, water, and land by human activity–is
the largest environmental cause of disease in the world today. It is responsible for an …

Most fish studied to date efficiently compensate for a hypercapnic acid-base disturbance;
however, many recent studies examining the effects of ocean acidification on fish have …

Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the
ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Increased nutrient loading into estuaries causes the accumulation of algal biomass, and
microbial degradation of this organic matter decreases oxygen levels and contributes …

Noise-generating human activities affect hearing, communication and movement in
terrestrial and aquatic animals, but direct evidence for impacts on survival is rare. We …

Predicted future CO2 levels have been found to alter sensory responses and behaviour of
marine fishes. Changes include increased boldness and activity, loss of behavioural …

Seasonal change in temperature has a profound effect on reproduction in fish. Increasing
temperatures cue reproductive development in spring-spawning species, and falling …

Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their
environment as well as interactions with other species. Humans are rapidly changing the …

Anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans, causing a
progressive increase in ocean inorganic carbon concentrations and resulting in decreased …