Transcranial (electro) magnetic stimulation (TMS) is currently the method of choice to non-
invasively induce neural activity in the human brain. A single transcranial stimulus induces a …

This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) …

The stimulation of deep brain structures has thus far only been possible with invasive
methods. Transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for focal brain
stimulation based on electromagnetic induction where a fluctuating magnetic field induces a …

Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

Background Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder is common; repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) by use of high-frequency (10 Hz) left-side …

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) holds great potential as a tool to alter neural
circuits non-invasively in both animals and humans. In contrast to established non-invasive …

Importance Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is common in older adults. Bilateral
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 48 …

Low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) in humans, encompassing transcranial
direct current (tDCS), transcutaneous spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS), transcranial …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) are indirect and non-
invasive methods used to induce excitability changes in the motor cortex via a wire coil …