Recent years have witnessed substantially increased research regarding sex differences in
pain. The expansive body of literature in this area clearly suggests that men and women …

There is much evidence to suggest that gender is an important factor in the modulation of
pain. Literature data strongly suggest that men and women differ in their responses to pain …

There are many known risk factors for chronic pain conditions, yet the biological
underpinnings that link these factors to abnormal processing of painful signals are only just …

Imaging of the living human brain is a powerful tool to probe the interactions between brain,
gut and microbiome in health and in disorders of brain–gut interactions, in particular IBS …

Background: Hormonal contraceptive drugs are being used by adult and adolescent women
all over the world. Convergent evidence from animal research indicates that contraceptive …

Sex-related differences in pain and opioids has been the focus of many researches. It is
demonstrated that women experience greater clinical pain, lower pain threshold and …

Objectives Chronic pain is a significant societal problem and pain complaints are one of the
main causes of work absenteeism and emergency room visits. Physical activity has been …

Recent studies describe sex and gender as critical factors conditioning the experience of
pain and the strategies to respond to it. It is now clear that men and women have different …

Reproductive hormones are implicated in moderating pain. Animal studies support both
pronociceptive and antinociceptive actions of oestradiol and progesterone suggesting that …

Multiple epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence for women in
several chronic pain disorders. Clinical and experimental investigations have consistently …