Amino acids are the building blocks of protein synthesis. They are structural elements and
energy sources of cells necessary for normal cell growth, differentiation and function. Amino …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and ever-changing “rogue organ”
composed of its own blood supply, lymphatic and nervous systems, stroma, immune cells …

Summary Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a mild to moderate respiratory tract
infection, however, a subset of patients progress to severe disease and respiratory failure …

Cell function and activity are regulated through integration of signaling, epigenetic,
transcriptional, and metabolic pathways. Here, we introduce INs-seq, an integrated …

A growing body of evidence indicates that, over the course of evolution of the immune
system, arginine has been selected as a node for the regulation of immune responses. An …

Nitric oxide and its production by iNOS is an established mechanism critical to tumor
promotion or suppression. Macrophages have important roles in immunity, development …

Macrophages phagocytize pathogens to initiate innate immunity and products from the
tumor microenvironment (TME) to mediate tumor immunity. The loss of tumor-associated …

Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, play an important role in the host
defense against pathogens and allergens by producing Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 …

Cutaneous melanoma is the most common skin cancer with an incidence that has been
rapidly increasing in the past decades. Melanomas are among the most immunogenic …