Summary 1 A fundamental goal of ecological network research is to understand how the
complexity observed in nature can persist and how this affects ecosystem functioning. This is …

The interactions between ants and certain sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera are
classic examples of food-for-protection mutualisms. In these associations, herbivorous …

Comprising a substantial part of living biomass on earth, ants are integral to the functioning
of terrestrial ecosystems. More than 12,000 species have been described to date, and it is …

The strength of interactions among species in a network tends to be highly asymmetric. We
evaluate the hypothesis that this asymmetry results from the distribution of abundance …

Interactions between ants and honeydew-producing hemipteran insects are abundant and
widespread in arthropod food webs, yet their ecological consequences are very poorly …

We reviewed the evidence on the role of ants as plant biotic defenses, by conducting meta-
analyses for the effects of experimental removal of ants on plant herbivory and fitness with …

All mutualistic plant–animal interactions are mediated by costs and benefits in relationships
where resources (from plants) are exchanged by services (from animals). The most common …

The order Poales comprises a substantial portion of plant life (7% of all angiosperms and
33% of monocots) and includes taxa of enormous economic and ecological significance …

Coffee agroecosystems have become iconic in the study of how agriculture can contribute to
the conservation of biodiversity and how biodiversity can deliver ecosystem services to …

Species diversity of arboreal arthropods tends to increase during rainforest succession so
that primary forest communities comprise more species than those from secondary …