The gut and the liver are characterized by mutual interactions between both organs, the
microbiome, diet and other environmental factors. The sum of these interactions is …

The term cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) comprises the distinctive
spectrum of immune alterations associated with the course of end-stage liver disease …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are
metabolites produced during the bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber in the intestinal tract …

The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional relationship between the gut and its microbiota,
and the liver, resulting from the integration of signals generated by dietary, genetic and …

An increased intestinal permeability has been described in various gastrointestinal and non-
gastrointestinal disorders. Nevertheless, the concept and definition of intestinal permeability …

The interaction between host and external environment mainly occurs in the gastrointestinal
tract, where the mucosal barrier has a critical role in many physiologic functions ranging …

Chronic liver disease with cirrhosis is the 12th leading cause of death in the United States,
and alcoholic liver disease accounts for approximately half of all cirrhosis deaths. Chronic …

The term cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction refers to the main syndromic
abnormalities of immune function, immunodeficiency and systemic inflammation that are …

The peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis has been most influential in the field of
cirrhosis and its complications. It has given rise to hundreds of pathophysiological studies in …

The definition of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) remains contested. In Europe and
North America, the term is generally applied according to the European Association for the …