Importance Climate change, pollution, urbanization, socioeconomic inequality, and
psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have caused massive changes in …

Imaging genetics offers the possibility of detecting associations between genotype and brain
structure as well as function, with effect sizes potentially exceeding correlations between …

Rhythmic gene expression is found throughout the central nervous system. This harmonized
regulation can be dependent on-and independent of-the master regulator of biological …

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and often persistent
neurodevelopmental disorder. Beyond gene-finding, neurobiological parameters, such as …

The functional neuroanatomy and connectivity of reward processing in adults are well
documented, with relatively less research on adolescents, a notable gap given this …

Background The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis
investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the …

Having something to look forward to is a keystone of well-being. Anticipation of future
reward, such as an upcoming vacation, can often be more gratifying than the experience …

Alcohol misuse and addiction are major international public health issues. Addiction can be
characterized as a disorder of aberrant neurocircuitry interacting with environmental, genetic …

Reduced activation of positive valence systems (PVS), including blunted neural and
physiological responses to pleasant stimuli and rewards, has been shown to prospectively …

Background Reward seeking and avoidance of punishment are key motivational processes.
Brain-imaging studies often use the Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT) to evaluate …