This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI
is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International …

The geomagnetic Kp index is one of the most extensively used indices of geomagnetic
activity, both for scientific and operational purposes. This article reviews the properties of the …

Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various
biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain …

Abstract On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano erupted
violently and triggered a giant atmospheric shock wave and tsunami. The exact mechanism …

Earth's magnetic field is generated by fluid motions in the outer core. This geodynamo has
operated for over 3.4 billion years. However, the mechanism that has sustained the …

To elucidate the characteristics of electromagnetic conjugacy of traveling ionospheric
disturbances just after the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption …

The potential weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in
response to anthropogenic forcing, suggested by climate models, is at the forefront of …

Turbulent motions of liquid metal in Earth's outer core generate the geomagnetic field.
Magnetic field observations from low-Earth-orbit satellites, together with advanced numerical …

The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic
and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and …

Using NASA's Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) imager, we report
nightside ionospheric changes during the G5 super geomagnetic storm of 10 and 11 May …