We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

This review article summarizes the advancement in the studies of Earth-affecting solar
transients in the last decade that encompasses most of solar cycle 24. It is a part of the effort …

In the standard model of solar flares, a large-scale reconnection current sheet is postulated
to be the central engine for powering the flare energy release,–and accelerating particles …

The Sun, as an active star, is the driver of energetic phenomena that structure interplanetary
space and affect planetary atmospheres. The effects of Space Weather on Earth and the …

Context. A complex and long-lasting solar eruption on 17 April 2021 produced a widespread
solar energetic particle (SEP) event that was observed by five longitudinally well-separated …

Potential deleterious health effects to astronauts induced by space radiation is one of the
most important long-term risks for human space missions, especially future planetary …

Magnetic reconnection plays a crucial role in powering solar flares, production of energetic
particles, and plasma heating. However, where the magnetic reconnections occur, how and …

On 28 October 2021, solar eruptions caused intense and long‐lasting solar energetic
particle (SEP) flux enhancements observed by spacecraft located over a wide longitudinal …

One of the grand challenges in heliophysics is the characterization of coronal mass ejection
(CME) magnetic structure and evolution from eruption at the Sun through heliospheric …

Magnetic flux ropes are characterized by coherently twisted magnetic field lines, which are
ubiquitous in magnetized plasmas. As the core structure of various eruptive phenomena in …