A compelling set of links between the composition of the gut microbiota, the host diet, and
host physiology has emerged. Do these links reflect cause-and-effect relationships, and …

Once thought to be a waste product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now known to form
continuously under aerobic conditions. Shuttling between producer and consumer cells …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major
barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes the …

Symbionts play an indispensable role in gut homeostasis, but underlying mechanisms
remain elusive. To clarify the role of lactic-acid-producing bacteria (LAB) on intestinal stem …

Lactic acid, a metabolic by-product of host and intestinal microbiota, has been recovered as
an active signal molecule in the immune system. In this study, a lactic acid biosynthesis …

For decades, lactate has been considered an innocuous bystander metabolite of cellular
metabolism. However, emerging studies show that lactate acts as a complex …

Fermentation microbiota is specific microorganisms that generate different types of
metabolites in many productions. In traditional solid-state fermentation, the structural …

The human large intestinal microbiota thrives on dietary carbohydrates that are converted to
a range of fermentation products. Short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) …

Metabolomic profiling of biofluids, eg, urine, plasma, has generated vast and ever-
increasing amounts of knowledge over the last few decades. Paradoxically, metabolomic …

Observational studies reveal substantial variability in microbiome composition across
individuals. Targeted studies in gnotobiotic animals underscore this variability by showing …