In this review we discuss the state of the art of the optical whole-field velocity measurement
technique micro-scale Particle Image Velocimetry (µPIV). µPIV is a useful tool for …

With the term 'mechanotransduction', it is intended the ability of cells to sense and respond
to mechanical forces by activating intracellular signal transduction pathways and the relative …

Heart valve anomalies are some of the most common congenital heart defects, yet neither
the genetic nor the epigenetic forces guiding heart valve development are well understood …

Primary cilia are mechanosensors for fluid shear stress, and are involved in a number of
syndromes and congenital anomalies. We identified endothelial cilia in areas of low shear …

In this review, the role of wall shear stress in the chicken embryonic heart is analyzed to
determine its effect on cardiac development through regulating gene expression. Therefore …

“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome” is an unsatisfactory term describing lethal
underdevelopment of the left ventricle (LV). It represents the more severe end of a spectrum …

Morphogenesis of the “immature symmetric embryonic aortic arches” into the “mature and
asymmetric aortic arches” involves a delicate sequence of cell and tissue migration …

Alcohol-induced congenital heart defects are frequently among the most life threatening and
require surgical correction in newborns. The etiology of these defects, collectively known as …

BACKGROUND: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of birth defect.
Despite the many advances in our understanding of cardiac development and many genes …

The freshly laid avian egg contains most of the materials needed for embryonic growth and
development, but lacks the oxygen and heat needed for successful development …