By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern
observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides a …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Modes of climate variability affect global and regional climates on different spatio-temporal
scales, and they have important impacts on human activities and ecosystems. As these …

Most annually resolved climate reconstructions of the Common Era are based on terrestrial
data, making it a challenge to independently assess how recent climate changes have …

An extended reanalysis, a combination of observations and model output, is used to
examine the spatial patterns of physical variables associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal …

Dynamics of abundance and migrations of populations of small pelagic clupeoid fish such
as anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), sardinella (Sardinella …

This paper examines the multidecadal variability in the northern North Atlantic and the Arctic.
Observations, modeling and paleo data provide evidence of a strong link between the …

The North Atlantic with its spring-bloom ecosystem has its particular responses to climate
change, many of them different from the other parts of the world's oceans. The system is …

The response of the hydrological cycle to anthropogenic climate change, especially across
the tropical oceans, remains poorly understood due to the scarcity of long instrumental …