Background: An ENDO-European Reference Network (ERN) initiative was launched that
was endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European …

Growth hormone (GH) research and its clinical application for the treatment of growth
disorders span more than a century. During the first half of the 20th century, clinical …

Objectives: Central hypothyroidism (CeH) is a rare form of hypothyroidism characterized by
insufficient thyroid stimulation due to disturbed pituitary and/or hypothalamic functioning …

Acromegaly is characterized by increased release of growth hormone and, consequently,
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1), most often by a pituitary adenoma. Prolonged exposure to …

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may be primary, due to a defect affecting the thyroid gland
itself, or central, due to impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-mediated stimulation of …

The genetic basis for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is complex, involving
30 genes in a variety of syndromic and nonsyndromic presentations. Molecular diagnosis of …

Substantial advances have been made recently in the pathobiology of pituitary tumors.
Similar to many other endocrine tumors, over the last few years we have recognized the role …

Central congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency at
birth due to insufficient stimulation by the pituitary of the thyroid gland. The incidence of …

Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in approximately 1 in 2000 newborns and can have
devastating neurodevelopmental consequences if not detected and treated promptly. While …

Prompt identification and adequate treatment of patients with congenital hypothyroidism is
critical to optimize outcomes. New information continues to accumulate about how to …