This book began life as a series of lectures given to second and third year undergraduates
at Oxford University. These lectures were designed to give students insights as to how …

The offshore wind power industry is relatively new but increasing globally, hence it is
important that the whole life-cycle is managed. The construction–operation …

Intensive exploitation of the marine environment by mankind can alter the natural habitat of
marine organisms drastically. The addition of artificial hard substrates (eg shipwrecks and …

In the light of the introduction of thousands of large offshore wind power foundations into the
North Sea within the next decades, this manuscript focuses on the biofouling processes and …

Offshore wind energy developments in European waters are rapidly expanding to meet the
increasing global demand for renewable energy. These developments provide new …

A substantial expansion of offshore wind farms in the North Sea has been planned, inducing
a growing interest in the effects of these artificial habitats on the marine environment …

Abstract In the next 10–20 years, thousands of wind turbines will be present in the North
Sea. In this paper, we investigate the impact of these windmill artificial reefs (WARs) on the …

The presence of biofouling communities in very large densities in offshore wind farms
(OWFs) generates broad effects on the structure and functioning of the marine ecosystem …

A major goal of ecology is to understand how spatial heterogeneity determines patterns of
species diversity and composition. Studies have demonstrated positive relationship between …

Within the next few decades, large underwater structures of thousands of wind turbines in
the northern European shelf seas will substantially increase the amount of habitat available …