Swarms, which stem from collective behaviors among individual elements, are commonly
seen in nature. Since two decades ago, scientists have been attempting to understand the …

The rapid development of micromanipulation technologies has opened exciting new
opportunities for the actuation, selection and assembly of a variety of non-biological and …

The limited force or torque outputs of miniature magnetic actuators constrain the locomotion
performances and functionalities of magnetic millimeter-scale robots. Here, we present a …

Due to their small sizes, microrobots are advantageous for accessing hard-to-reach spaces
for delivery and measurement. However, their small sizes also bring challenges in on-board …

Intelligent micromachines, with dimensions ranging from a few millimeters down to hundreds
of nanometers, are miniature systems capable of performing specific tasks autonomously at …

Hydrogels are soft materials composed of a three-dimensional (3D) hydrophilic polymer
network filled with a large amount of water. Different from rigid machines, hydrogel-based …

Microrobots have been developed for applications in the submillimeter domain such as the
manipulation of micro-objects and microsurgery. Rapid progress has been achieved in …

Intelligent micromachines that respond to external light stimuli have a broad range of
potential applications, such as microbots, biomedicine, and adaptive optics. However …

Optical manipulation of various kinds of nanoparticles is vital in biomedical engineering.
However, classical optical approaches demand higher laser power and are constrained by …

Large-area electronics as switching elements are an ideal option for electrode-array-based
digital microfluidics. With support of highly scalable thin-film semiconductor technology, high …