Liver disease accounts for two million deaths annually and is responsible for 4% of all
deaths (1 out of every 25 deaths worldwide); approximately two-thirds of all liver-related …

In patients with cirrhosis and chronic liver disease, acute-on-chronic liver failure is emerging
as a major cause of mortality. These guidelines indicate the preferred approach to the …

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), which was described relatively recently (2013), is a
severe form of acutely decompensated cirrhosis characterised by the existence of organ …

Hypoalbuminemia is associated with the acquisition and severity of infectious diseases, and
intact innate and adaptive immune responses depend on albumin. Albumin oxidation and …

Cirrhosis–the common end-stage of chronic liver disease–is associated with a cascade of
events, of which intestinal bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis are central. Bacterial toxins …

Portal hypertension, defined as increased pressure in the portal vein, develops as a
consequence of increased intrahepatic vascular resistance due to the dysregulation of liver …

There is a universal agreement that the occurrence of clinical complications, such as ascites,
hepatic encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding, and jaundice mark the transition from the …

According to a recent World Health Organization estimate, the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, which originated in China in 2019, has …

Bacterial infections are frequent in cirrhotic patients with acute decompensation or acute-on-
chronic liver failure and can complicate the clinical course. Delayed diagnosis and …

There are different operating definitions for acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in different
geographic regions. Consortia in Western countries have developed definitions that apply to …