Essential oils (EOs) are lipophilic secondary metabolites obtained from plants; terpenoids
represent the main components of them. A lot of studies showed neurotoxic actions of EOs …

Octopamine (OA), a biogenic monoamine structurally related to noradrenaline, acts as a
neurohormone, a neuromodulator and a neurotransmitter in invertebrates. It is present in …

A study was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity and mechanism of action of
three essential oils (eugenol, α-terpineol and cinnamic alcohol) and an equal part mixture (3 …

The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has
become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent …

A complex cascade of neuronal, hormonal, muscular, and metabolic events leads to the
initiation and maintenance of a behavioral act. Hormones are released to mobilize metabolic …

The biological concept of stress originated in mammals, where a “General Adaptation
Syndrome” describes a set of common integrated physiological responses to diverse …

Animals should increase their present reproductive output if their chances for future
reproduction are low. However, an animal's ability to make this adjustment may be …

Octopamine is a major monoamine in invertebrates and affects many physiological
processes ranging from energy metabolism to complex behaviors. Octopamine binds to …

It is well acknowledged that tyramine acts as the biosynthetic intermediate precursor for
octopamine. This fact has biased the interpretation of biological effects of tyramine towards …

The biogenic monoamine octopamine (OA) is a crucial regulator of invertebrate physiology
and behavior. Since its discovery in the 1950s in octopus salivary glands, OA has been …