Lignin, as a precious resource given to mankind by nature with abundant functional aromatic
structures, has drawn much attention in the recent decade from academia to industry …

Highlights•New monomers have been discovered, and structural aspects of the lignin
polymer have been refined.•The definition of a lignin monomer has been broadened.• …

Highlights•To date, metabolites from more than 10 different metabolic classes have been
identified as lignin building blocks, totaling 35 monomers.•Despite this flexibility, limitations …

Lignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite
its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most …

Practical, high-yield lignin depolymerization methods could greatly increase biorefinery
productivity and profitability. However, development of these methods is limited by the …

At a time when environmental considerations are increasingly pushing for the application of
circular economy concepts in materials science, lignin stands out as an under-used but …

Reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulose is an emerging biorefinery scheme
that combines biomass fractionation with lignin depolymerisation. Central to this scheme is …

This paper reports a new method of applying Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for extracting
lignin from woody biomass with high yield and high purity. DES mixtures prepared from …

Lignin is a complex polymer that is embedded in plant cell walls to provide physical support
and water protection. For these reasons, the production of lignin is closely linked with plant …

Abstract Development and deployment of commercial biorefineries based on conversion of
lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and bioproducts faces many challenges that must be …