Forests are the most diverse and productive terrestrial ecosystems on Earth, so sustainably
managing them for the future is a major global challenge. Yet, our understanding of forest …

Natural disturbances can maintain forest diversity by creating a heterogeneous resource
landscape, which can contribute to coexistence of early-and late-successional species …

Salvage logging after forest disturbances is a controversial but common practice, yet it
remains relatively poorly studied, particularly after windstorms within deciduous forests …

This study presents a new metric for quantifying structural complexity using the diversity of
tree damage types in forests that have experienced wind disturbance. Structural complexity …

The composition of canopy tree species is known to impact the distribution of herb‐layer
species through various factors, such as light availability, soil structure and composition …

Question Natural areas are commonly managed for multiple purposes, including both
conservation and recreational use. Hiking trails are an extremely common feature in natural …

3.0 RAPID FOREST UNDERSTORY RECOVERY FOLLOWING COMBINED NATURAL AND
ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCES Page 59 44 3.0 RAPID FOREST UNDERSTORY …

Windthrow disturbances create tree tip-up mounds that increase structural heterogeneity
and resource availability in forests. Novel plant communities may form quickly on tip-up …

Tree tip-up is a dominant form of natural disturbance in Pennsylvania's forests. Tree tip-up
occurs when high winds topple trees, rip** out the root system and creating a pit and …

Tip-up mounds are formed after wind storms blow down trees knockings them, leaving gaps
in mature forest. In 2016 a severe windstorm caused large blow down areas resulting in …