Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated to affect 10–14% of global population. Kidney
fibrosis, characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition leading to scarring, is a …

Fibrosis is the extensive deposition of fibrous connective tissue, and it is characterized by
the accumulation of collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Fibrosis is …

The kidney has a remarkable ability of repair after acute kidney injury (AKI). However, when
injury is severe or persistent, the repair is incomplete or maladaptive and may lead to …

Background Little is known about the roles of myeloid cell subsets in kidney injury and in the
limited ability of the organ to repair itself. Characterizing these cells based only on surface …

The pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) involves multifactorial processes that
converge to initiate and advance the disease. Although DKD is not typically classified as an …

Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, play an important role in the host
defense against pathogens and allergens by producing Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 …

Kidney fibrosis is the final common pathway of virtually all chronic kidney diseases (CKDs)
and is therefore considered to be a promising therapeutic target for these conditions …

Tissue injury and inflammatory response trigger the development of fibrosis in various
diseases. It has been recognized that both innate and adaptive immune cells are important …

Macrophages are central to the pathogenesis of kidney disease and serve as an effective
therapeutic target for kidney injury and fibrosis. Among them, M2-type macrophages have …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as persistent (> 3 months) kidney functional loss,
has a growing prevalence (> 10% worldwide population) and limited treatment options …