Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Recently performed scenario simulations for the Baltic Sea including marine
biogeochemistry were analyzed and compared with earlier published projections. The Baltic …

We review progress in Baltic Sea physical oceanography (including sea ice and atmosphere–
land interactions) and Baltic Sea modelling, focusing on research related to BALTEX Phase …

European climate is heavily influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, the
spatial structure of the NAO is varying with time, affecting its regional importance. By …

The aim of the research project “Innovative Strategies for Observations in the Arctic
Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ISOBAR)” is to substantially increase the understanding of the …

A natural hazard is a naturally occurring extreme event that has a negative effect on people
and society or the environment. Natural hazards may have severe implications for human …

2D sea level trend and variability fields of the Baltic Sea were reconstructed based on
statistical modeling of monthly tide gauge observations, and model reanalysis as a …

ABSTRACT The Finnish Wind Atlas was prepared applying the mesoscale model AROME
with 2.5 km horizontal resolution and the diagnostic downscaling method Wind Atlas …

The fundamental role of the ocean for life and well-being on Earth is more and more
recognised at the highest political level. In 2015, the United Nations (UN) Sustainable …

The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered marginal sea in northern Europe with intense
wintertime ship traffic and a sensitive ecosystem. Understanding and modeling the evolution …