The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized, unique epithelial cell that
interacts with photoreceptors on its apical side and with Bruch's membrane and the …

Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and
tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, eg Toll-like receptors …

Purpose Geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
is a major cause of blindness. Even while central visual acuity remains relatively well …

The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by
reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely …

Despite the damaging effect on tissues at a high concentration, it has been gradually
established that oxidative stress plays a positive role during angiogenesis. In adults …

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in aging-related eye diseases, including age-related
macular degeneration (AMD), cataracts, and glaucoma. With age, antioxidant reparative …

The retina is an immune privileged tissue, which is protected from external and internal
insults by its blood-retina barriers and immune suppressive microenvironment. Apart from …

Inflammation is an adaptive response of the immune system to noxious insults to maintain
homeostasis and restore functionality. The retina is considered an immune-privileged tissue …

The retina resides in an environment that is primed for the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and resultant oxidative damage. The retina is one of the highest oxygen …

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of visual impairment in the
elderly. There are very limited therapeutic options for AMD with the predominant therapies …