Hormone receptor (HR)‐positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐
negative breast cancer is defined by the presence of the estrogen receptor and/or the …

The tumor microenvironment is highly complex, and immune escape is currently considered
an important hallmark of cancer, largely contributing to tumor progression and metastasis …

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. This
heterogeneous disease can be classified into four molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B …

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and mechanistic target of
rapamycin (mTOR)(PAM) pathways play important roles in breast tumorigenesis and confer …

Anti-estrogen therapy is a key component of the treatment of both early and advanced-stage
hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. This review discusses the recent emergence …

Background Capivasertib (AZD5363) is a potent selective oral inhibitor of all three isoforms
of the serine/threonine kinase AKT. The FAKTION trial investigated whether the addition of …

The acquisition of ligand‐independent ESR1 mutations during aromatase inhibitor therapy
in metastatic estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer is a common mechanism of …

Cancer cells support their growth and proliferation by reprogramming their metabolism in
order to gain access to nutrients. Despite the heterogeneity in genetic mutations that lead to …

Approximately 70% of invasive breast cancers have some degree of dependence on the
estrogen hormone for cell proliferation and growth. These tumors have estrogen and/or …

The frequent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its crucial role in estrogen
receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer tumorigenesis and drug resistance has made it a …