Background Bone regeneration involves various complex biological processes. Many
experiments have been performed using biomaterials in vivo and in vitro to promote and …

Traumatic, tumoral, and infectious bone defects are common in clinics, and create a big
burden on patient's families and society. Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based biomaterials have …

Highlights•Alternative bone regenerative therapeutics are needed.•Ions have been
proposed to regenerate skeletal tissue.•Drug delivery systems have been studied to deliver …

Bioprinting has seen significant progress in recent years for the fabrication of bionic tissues
with high complexity. However, it remains challenging to develop cell‐laden bioinks …

Embryogenic developmental processes involve a tightly controlled regulation between
mechanical forces and biochemical cues such as growth factors, matrix proteins, and …

A wide range of cell types depend on mechanically induced signals to enable appropriate
physiological responses. The skeleton is particularly dependent on mechanical information …

Bone tissue engineering strategies attempt to regenerate bone tissue lost due to injury or
disease. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds maintain structural integrity and provide support …

Limitations associated with conventional bone substitutes such as autografts, increasing
demand for bone grafts, and growing elderly population worldwide necessitate development …

Large injuries to bones are still one of the most challenging musculoskeletal problems.
Tissue engineering can combine stem cells, scaffold biomaterials, and biofactors to aid in …

Cadmium is a common environmental pollutant that accumulates in the bone and kidneys
and causes severe health and social problems. However, the effects of Cd on the …