It has been suggested that effective defense against biotrophic pathogens is largely due to
programmed cell death in the host, and to associated activation of defense responses …

Plants cannot survive without glutathione (γ‐glutamylcysteinylglycine) or γ‐glutamylcysteine‐
containing homologues. The reasons why this small molecule is indispensable are not fully …

Phenylpropanoid compounds encompass a wide range of structural classes and biological
functions. Limiting discussion to stress-induced phenylpropanoids eliminates few of the …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules
downstream of receptors/sensors that transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular …

Plants elaborate a vast array of natural products, many of which have evolved to confer
selective advantage against microbial attack. Recent advances in molecular technology …

Phenolics are ubiquitous secondary metabolites found in plant. They are aromatic
compounds synthesized by phenylpropanoid pathway. Phenolics have been in the focus of …

Plants are constantly being challenged by aspiring pathogens, but disease is rare. Why?
Broadly, there are three reasons for pathogen failure. Either (1) the plant is unable to support …

The endogenous plant hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), whose levels
increase on pathogen infection, activate separate sets of genes encoding antimicrobial …

Plant sensing of invading pathogens triggers massive metabolic reprogramming, including
the induction of secondary antimicrobial compounds known as phytoalexins. We recently …

Contents I. Introduction 295 II. Evolution of the Plant Vascular System 295 III. Phloem
Development & Differentiation 300 IV. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xylem Cell …