Scientific discovery and engineering design are currently limited by the time and cost of
physical experiments. Numerical simulations are an alternative approach but are usually …

Climate modelling and analysis are facing new demands to enhance projections and
climate information. Here we argue that now is the time to push the frontiers of machine …

WeatherBench 2 is an update to the global, medium‐range (1–14 days) weather forecasting
benchmark proposed by (Rasp et al., 2020, https://doi. org/10.1029/2020ms002203) …

In this article, we propose physics-informed neural operators (PINO) that combine training
data and physics constraints to learn the solution operator of a given family of parametric …

Neural operators map multiple functions to different functions, possibly in different spaces,
unlike standard neural networks. Hence, neural operators allow the solution of parametric …

Deep learning foundation models are revolutionizing many facets of science by leveraging
vast amounts of data to learn general-purpose representations that can be adapted to tackle …

Foundation models have enormous potential in advancing Earth and climate sciences,
however, current approaches may not be optimal as they focus on a few basic features of a …