Nanoparticle-based technologies offer exciting new approaches to disease diagnostics and
therapeutics. To take advantage of unique properties of nanoscale materials and structures …

Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and
immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In …

Vaccination is still the most cost-effective way to combat infectious illnesses. Conventional
vaccinations may have low immunogenicity and, in most situations, only provide partial …

The immune system has to cope with a wide range of irregularly shaped pathogens that can
actively move (eg, by flagella) and also dynamically remodel their shape (eg, transition from …

Classically all vaccines were produced using live or attenuated microorganisms or parts of
them. However, the use of whole organisms, their components or the biological process for …

Today nanotechnology is finding growing applications in industry, biology, and medicine.
The clear benefits of using nanosized products in various biological and medical …

Nanoparticles are emerging as a useful tool for a wide variety of biomedical, consumer and
instrumental applications that include drug delivery systems, biosensors and environmental …

This paper demonstrates how the shape and size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) affect
immunological responses in vivo and in vitro for the production of antibodies for West Nile …

The design of nanovaccines capable of triggering effective antitumor immunity requires an
understanding of how the immune system senses and responds to threats, including …

Subunit vaccines are more advantageous than live attenuated vaccines in terms of safety
and scale-up manufacture. However, this often comes as a trade-off to their efficacy. Over …