The empirical study of belief is emerging at a rapid clip, uniting work from all corners of
cognitive science. Reliance on belief in understanding and predicting behavior is …

Evolution selects for traits that are of adaptive value and increase the fitness of an individual
or population. Numerical competence, the ability to estimate and process the number of …

Mental representations remain the central posits of psychology after many decades of
scrutiny. However, there is no consensus about the representational format (s) of biological …

Invertebrate animals are frequently lumped into a single category and denied welfare
protections despite their considerable cognitive, behavioral, and evolutionary diversity …

Abstract “What is the structure of thought?” is as central a question as any in cognitive
science. A classic answer to this question has appealed to a Language of Thought (LoT) …

The “mental number line”(MNL) is a form of spatial numeric representation that associates
small and large numbers with the left and right spaces, respectively. This spatio-numeric …

The continuities between human and animal minds are increasingly well understood. This
has led many people to make claims about consciousness in animals, which has often been …

Many animals understand numbers at a basic level for use in essential tasks such as
foraging, shoaling, and resource management. However, complex arithmetic operations …

The human brain possesses neural networks and mechanisms enabling the representation
of numbers, basic arithmetic operations, and mathematical reasoning. Without the ability to …

Representing the quantity zero as a symbolic concept is considered a unique achievement
of abstract human thought. 1, 2 To conceptualize zero, one must abstract away from the …