This article reviews the mechanisms that lead to the development of Graves'
ophthalmopathy. A central feature in its development is autoimmunity that involves not only T …

Purpose: Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) is a serious complication of Graves orbitopathy
that can result in irreversible and profound visual loss. Controversy exists regarding the …

Although the diagnosis of Graves' orbitopathy is primarily made clinically based on
laboratory tests indicative of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity, imaging studies, such as …

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the extraocular muscle volume index
at the orbital apex (AMI) and the signal intensity ratio (SIR) of the optic nerve in dysthyroid …

Neuroimaging of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) plays an important role in the differential
diagnosis and interdisciplinary management of patients with GO. Orbital imaging is required …

Methods: We reviewed cases of TED investigated with CT and Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) in our department. We assessed the findings of imaging studies and their role …

Aim To study the demographics, comorbidities, clinical manifestations and treatment
methods of thyroid eye disease (TED) in Singapore. Methods In this retrospective case …

Objective To evaluate the ability of quantitative MRI parameters for predicting dysthyroid
optic neuropathy (DON). Methods We retrospectively collected and analyzed the clinical …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DON, a serious complication of GO, is frequently difficult to
diagnose clinically in its early stages because of confounding signs and symptoms of …

Diagnosis of dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) typically relies on a set of diagnostic clinical
features, including decreased visual acuity, impaired color vision, presence of relative …